Standards of Financial Accounting-Rule 141 Revised an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Measures of Financial Accounting-Rule 141 Revised Presentation New principles come due to the requirement for change to address the changing needs of business. This paper looks for clarify this thought by clarifying the contrasts between the old bookkeeping standard under guideline 141 and the new principle 141 as modified on for mergers and unions. The primary guideline with the end goal of this paper is on the other hand found as SFAS 141 while the new standard as SFAS 141R. Need exposition test on Gauges of Financial Accounting-Rule 141 Revised subject? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Investigation and Discussion The new guideline no longer permits the chronicle of procurement under the pooling of intrigue strategy in representing business blend. Under the pooling of intrigue technique or joining of intrigue, the investor of the consolidating undertakings consolidate into one substance of the entire of all the net resources and activities to accomplish a proceeding with common sharing of the dangers and advantages of the consolidated venture yet neither one of the parties might be distinguished as the acquirer. The new standard, presently under SFAS 141R, recommends just representing all business blends utilizing a solitary technique called obtaining, where one gathering called the acquirer is constantly distinguished as procuring the other substance called the acquiree. Regardless of the appearing closeness of the utilization of obtaining technique the updated standard incorporates systems that could change prompt and future pay articulation and accounting report regarding business blends. One huge change under the new guideline is that the acquirer may not any longer assign and successful date of business mix to the start of the period in this way it now unthinkable cease from introducing preacquisition income of the acquiree. Another change under SFAS 141(R) is the necessity to utilize temporary sums for the securing ought to there be deficiency of bookkeeping toward the finish of the revealing time frame. Still another change under SFAS 141(R) is the necessity that business mixes that were excluded from SFAS 141. The old guideline 141 had likewise the price tag to incorporate direct procurement exchange costs which may incorporate installments made by the acquirer to outsiders for legitimate and bookkeeping charges, and different expenses for valuation administrations. Under the new principle 141 said exchange costs must be represented independently from the business mix since they are considered as resources procured and liabilities expected, henceforth they would made as cost under the revision. Another change under SFAS 141(R) is its treatment of unforeseen resources and liabilities which has produced discussions. Possibilities could be recognizable resources procured or liabilities expected by the acquirer however a definitive advantage or settlement is needy or dependent upon the result of some future occasion. These are independent from generosity and will be recorded at reasonable worth. The acquirer is required to consent to probably measure under the Statement of Financial Concepts 6, Elements of Financial Statements, on the off chance that it needs to perceive these sort of possibilities as a major aspect of the obtaining. The contention seem to originate from the natural trouble in estimating the reasonable estimation of unforeseen resources and liabilities since the reasonable estimation of the said unexpected resources and liabilities should rely upon the quality and accessibility of data as of securing date. Since the gauge will be founded on suspicions which will require contributions from outsiders, it is conceivable that evaluations could be exaggerated or manhandled except if there is measures or component that will check the equivalent. Since the updated rule should utilize higher of the reasonable of the securing date or their sum, the board of the acquirer may presumably exploit this in exaggerating their advantages and downplaying their unexpected liabilities. The new guideline anyway has given that after the obtaining the previous recorded higher honest assessment could go down in the long run in light of the fact that the unforeseen resources will be estimated at the lower of their reason able incentive at the securing date or their evaluated feasible worth. The possibility of unexpected liabilities to previous proprietors if future occasions happen or certain conditions are met gives off an impression of being exceptionally dubious in fact. It would be the enthusiasm of the acquirer to limit this sort of risk. It is coherent to contend that it would be on the weight of the previous proprietors to attest that the exchange or occasion would more like than not to occur with the goal that they would need to make a case from the acquirer. However, it could be contended that the acknowledgment of unexpected liabilities would be straightforwardly or firmly related with the obtaining of unforeseen resources. Since acknowledgment of unforeseen resources will be connected to unexpected resources, it is exceptionally plausible that acquirers would in all probability downplay said unexpected resources so unforeseen liabilities would be limited. Yet, since previous investors would clutch their inclinations, the impact would appeared to limit the lim it of the acquirer to expand the arrival for the new organization made because of blend or procurement. In this sense, the organization couldn't conflict with its actual nature. Since there is no utilization to exaggerating unexpected resources or downplaying unforeseen liabilities, it would be progressively steady to motivation to be only target about it and be consistent with whatever might be legitimately perceived as unforeseen resources or liabilities. It might noted anyway that not all adjustments in the reasonable estimation of unforeseen contemplations will be positive for the previous proprietors to which risk may have been guaranteed to be made. The progressions to qualify as such require the nearness of extra data about realities and changes at the procurement date contrasted and estimation period changes. In the event that the adjustments in reasonable estimation of unexpected contemplations neglect to qualify under the prerequisite, the new principle gives that advantage will gather alone to the new proprietors of the partnership without satisfying the guarantee to old proprietors. This will thusly find some kind of harmony of what could be reasonably credited to the exertion and execution of the new proprietors Another distinction of the two standards is in the representing innovative work costs. Under the old guideline 141, there is the acknowledgment into the cost concerning the reasonable estimation of procured in-procedure and innovative work yet under the new principle gained in-procedure and innovative work albeit estimated likewise utilizing reasonable worth, a similar will promoted rather with an uncertain life, which musts tried consistently for impedance however not amortized. In any case, amortization is as yet conceivable when the life of the gained elusive resource gets definite at venture finish. End The paper found the few changes in new Rule 141 (R) as contrasted and the old Rule 141. Not all were changed since the basic method of representing securing under single strategy (obtaining) still remains alive. Having an acquirer and an acquiree is a reality that must be known under the new guideline where the acquirer may not any longer assign and powerful date of business blend to the start of the period therefore it is currently unrealistic to not to introduce preacquisition profit of the acquiree. Among the few changes, the most dubious comes as to run on the utilization of unexpected resources and liabilities where the reasonable estimation of the said unforeseen resources and liabilities relies upon the quality and accessibility of data as of procurement date that may involve presumption. As broke down before, it is conceivable that the gauge dependent on suspicions and that require contributions from outsiders, the chance if exaggerating or downplaying could be manhandled except if there is models or component that will check the equivalent. The utilization higher of the reasonable incentive at procurement date may have organizations the board to exploit this in exaggerating their advantages and downplaying their unexpected liabilities dependent on the ordinary desire that they will do as per individual intrigue. Unexpectedly, the new guideline likewise gives that a method of remedying conceivable exaggeration since the lower reasonable incentive at the procurement date or their assessed feasible worth will come after. Under the typical course of occasions there is motivation to find that it would be the enthusiasm of the acquirer to limit this sort of unexpected risk. Since acknowledgment of unexpected liabilities will be connected to unforeseen resources, it is plausible that acquirers would in all probability downplay said unexpected resources with the goal that unforeseen liabilities would be limited. However, the new organization as acquirer couldn't conflict with itself by controlling itself to become huge and quick in light of the fact that an unexpected obligation is in the offing to old proprietors should benefits become huge. The standard makes it more pleasant to acquirers who should apply more endeavors to improve the new organization as the standard gives that not all adjustments in the reasonable estimation of unexpected contemplations will be positive for the previous proprietors to which obligation may have been guaranteed to be made. The progressions need to qualify as extra data a bout realities and changes at the securing date contrasted and estimation period changes or a similar pay will frame some portion of pay from proceeding with activity and the advantage will gather alone to the new proprietors of the partnership without satisfying the guarantee to old proprietors. The new standards which are made to change the old principles may legitimize themselves in tending to the requirement for changes in tending to the changing needs of business using unexpected resources and liabilities and other presented changes since circumstances and conditions had changed when the old guidelines are made. Works Cited Dorata and Badawi, International C

Project Management Right Materials

Question: Examine about theProject Managementfor Right Materials. Answer: Presentation Achievement is a three legged stool, the legs being, correct materials, right help and the committed, objective centered exertion. (Kerzner,2015), each of the three are similarly significant for progress. The task troughs give right assets, the labor, his time, commitment and genuine endeavors to make a venture achievement. Undertakings that are financed by outside sources are hard to oversee. It is hard to raise assets from outside sources like, banks, leasers and financial specialists, outer subsidizing is just useful for associations that were at that point effective in past undertakings, outer subsidizing is hard for new comers. By and large age doesn't decide if an official can acknowledge a task, it relies on his, her capability, experience and ability. (Kerzner,2015) If the official satisfies all the rules the individual in question can acknowledge the undertaking. Wastefulness in practical lines unquestionably influences the venture, in such case the undertaking trough illumi nates the top administration with respect to the wastefulness. (Sohi, et.al, 2016) The task administrators are permitted to set up essentials in regards to the standard undertaking techniques. On the off chance that there is no necessity of in-house delegates in an undertaking, venture backers can expel them from their organization. At the point when the task supervisor concentrates a lot on overseeing than on the objectives and destinations of the undertaking, venture the board transforms into over administration. The obligation of program trough is to give the change proposition, coordination lastly announcing the task progress. References , A. J., Hertogh, M., Bosch-Rekveldt, M., Blom, R. (2016). Leans Agile Project Management Help Coping with Project Complexity?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,226, 252-259. Sohi Kerzner, H. (2015).Project Management 2.0. John Wiley Sons.

Sales 101 Sell Stories, Not Products

Sales 101 Sell Stories, Not Products The concept seemed simple enough. You have a product and you know its features. All you have to do is go out and sell the product to make money. That is sales or, at least, how most people perceive sales. Why, then, do we see some experienced sales people embark on seemingly complicated processes and launch into very long pitches in order to sell their products and ideas?That is because they look beneath the surface. © Shutterstock.com | zaozaa19This article will share light on 1) the lowdown on sales, 2) the sale of stories over products, 3) the iPads, and 4) the DeBeers stories.THE LOWDOWN ON SALESSales encompass the sets of activities that involve the exchange of products, commodities, and services for money of equitable or equivalent value. Some look at it as a process or a business in itself, while others treat it more as a profession or line of work.So, really, it’s not as simple as we all thought.In sales, there are two primary parties involved: the seller and the buyer or purchaser. The seller is the original owner of the product or service, and he offers it to the purchaser for a price. Once the purchaser agrees to the price and pays the amount agreed upon, the sale is executed and completed, and the ownership of the product or item is passed on to the purchaser. In many cases, there is a third party involved, the salesperson, who is tasked to sell the commodity or service on behalf o f the original owner.Of course, if we look into more complex sales processes and relationships, there are more parties or people involved. But the main concept remains the same: there is a seller and a buyer, and a product or service that will be sold for a specific price.There have been many misconceptions regarding sales, and let us try to clear them up a bit.Sales is not marketing, and vice versa.These two are often interchanged, with many thinking they are one and the same. While it is true that both have the same goal â€" revenue generation â€" they go about it differently.Marketing is broader than sales, since it also covers areas such as establishing relationships with customers, suppliers, distributors and competitors; identifying opportunities in the market; and formulation of strategies to establish and maintain relationships, to name a few. It often involves activities like conducting market researches, advertising, public relations, customer service, and sales. Yes, it i s safe to say that Sales can be thought of as a part of Marketing. In fact, selling is the ultimate result of marketing, seeing as all the activities performed in marketing a product is geared towards closing its sale.Great products do not really sell themselves.There is this age-old adage that goes “great products sell themselves”, meaning that if you have an excellent product, you no longer have to lift a finger to sell it. This saying pretty much implies that salespersons are redundant and there is no use for them.The best sales teams refuse to let this phrase make them lazy, however. Perhaps these “great products” will bring in sales, but they want huge sales and to do that, they will still have to get to work and flex their selling muscles, so to speak.THE SALE OF STORIES OVER PRODUCTSSalespersons are storytellersStorytellers have a way of reeling in listeners. They start with a few words that will surely catch the attention of even someone just passing by. Those words have more than enough hook to make them stop and listen for a while. Then the storytellers start to reel them in by adding more details to the story. If it’s good enough, the audience will stick around to hear the rest of the story, and there will be more listeners than before.It is the same with Sales. You introduce the product or service, tell more about it in order to attract more buyers or clients, and continue polishing or improving it until you have a loyal customer base. They will keep coming back to your product because they liked it, and they want more of it.The Product is the star of the storyIn any story, there is a main character or protagonist. In this context, the star of the sales story is the product. What you will be selling is the story as a whole, not just the main character.Imagine yourself sitting through a marathon of product commercials on TV. If all you see is a video of a detergent with voiceover and text speaking about its content and capabilities, chance s are you will not even be able to remember its name ten minutes later. But if, in the video, you see a housewife having problems taking out stains on clothes, then presented with the detergent and successfully getting rid of the stains using the product, it will definitely make you take note of it.Or, while browsing through YouTube, you spot a video of a new mobile app on making restaurant reservations. The features are enumerated systematically, and you see that it is quite similar to other existing apps. You may even close the video and move on to something else before it is finished. However, if the video focuses on how the app will make it easier for someone to make reservations â€" explaining why it is better than the other apps â€" it is likely that your next action will be to head to the website of the developer and download the app.So you have a product and you absolutely love it. In fact, you think it is the best product to come out in recent years, and you honestly cannot imagine how the world will function without knowing about it or using it. Your objectivity has been clouded; there is absolutely no way that your product will not sell. …Right?But you’re missing something here: you are not the one you are selling the product to so, in essence, your opinion does not really matter. Your customers’ do; they are the ones to decide whether your product is good or great, and they will also decide whether they should pay for it or not. It is, after all, in their nature to be self-centered. Which brings us to the next point: your customers.Know your listeners: the customersThere is one thing that salespeople and sales teams, especially those that are just starting out, do not realize: customers or clients do not care about the products; they care how the products can help them solve their problems and make their lives easier.You see many salespeople extolling the finer details and specific features of a product they are selling. They spend hours and hours talking about what the product is made of or how a component is made. They even go to great lengths to demonstrate what it can do. The result is impressive enough, but will this translate to Sales?Perhaps. But it won’t be the numbers they were expecting.When faced with the offer of a new product, especially one that they have not seen before, customers will hardly care about the product. They are more curious on what the product can do for them. Sure, they will be informed of the features of the product. They are shown its functionalities, and they are duly impressed by how well-made it is.Before they decide to bring out their wallets and pay for it, however, they will go, “how can that product help me in my life?”That is the make or break question that will impact greatly on Sales.So what if you are offering a product with a revolutionary feature? The mother who is having headaches about lowering household expenses will not be impressed by it. Even the father who is mor e focused on how to have a more efficient way to finish a task will not pay any attention to it, for the simple reason that the product does not offer the solution he is looking for. In short, it is not the story he wants to hear.In order to be able to weave a plausible and convincing story, you must first know your customer.Make sure that you do your homework on your customers or clients before you approach them with an offer. What should you look into?Studies on the market, especially the one that you are targeting, entail looking into their distinguishing characteristics and experiences. What are your customers’ needs? What are their preferences? Are they having personal problems that may be addressed by the product or service you are going to offer?If the answer to the latter question is yes, then it is likened to finding a plot point that you can exploit when weaving your story. Look into how their problems or pains can be solved by the product, and make that the climax and r esolution of your story.As a storyteller, you now have the basic elements of the story. It’s just a matter of putting it all together in a coherent “narrative”.Telling your storyThe beauty of selling stories instead of products is its flexibility. You cannot change or tweak the products to suit your customers, but you can definitely customize your story so that it speaks to your customers, no matter how different they are.Say, for example, that you are selling exercise equipment. Your sales team can devise an advertising campaign focusing on the group that makes use of the equipment for physical fitness and muscle-building purposes. Similarly, the team will also come up with another advertisement that speaks to the medical community, specifically those that make use of the same equipment for physical therapy and rehabilitation of injured individuals.In that example, there is only one product â€" the exercise equipment. Instead of just talking about the features of the equipmen t, the sales team came up with scenarios where the equipment will provide a solution for the customers. They recognize the difference in the perspectives of the two groups, and carefully incorporated that in the advertising campaign that they drew up.Now we come to another issue: how to deliver the story to the right listeners or customers.Sales people in this day and age should consider themselves lucky. After all, there are now a lot of avenues available to them to deliver their stories. There are so many ways to deliver your story and introduce your products to the buying market.Companies still make use of traditional forms of advertising to deliver their story. Advertising through print and media is still being practiced. Online advertising is definitely seen to be just as powerful â€" probably even more so â€" as it is able to reach a bigger market.You have seen many companies do them before: their tweets tell a story that hooks millions of Twitter users to follow and see how t he story goes. Email campaigns are launched, and even YouTube videos are used to a great extent.Take note of other storytellersWhen relaying your story, make sure that you make every effort to distinguish yourself from the competition. There are other businesses that will offer a product or service that is similar to yours. Your objective is to make sure yours stand out above all the rest, and the way to do that is to tell a better story.There is nothing wrong with checking out the competition and how they market their product. You can probably learn a thing or two from them â€" what works, what doesn’t â€" when you are trying to sell your products.This is where you, the storyteller, can present your “plot twist”, or your unique selling proposition. This clearly defines what makes your product unique from the sea of similar products that offer pretty much the same benefits. What will make the customer choose your product over the others?Most sales pitches revolve around the un ique selling proposition. It is not enough to just present the unique feature as is; you have to expound on it in such a way that it makes an impact. Much like how an unexpected twist in a story will make a listener stand at attention and be amazed.THE iPAD’s STORYThe technology for tablets has already been in existence long before Apple introduced its iPad. In fact, several companies have already released their “mini-laptop” versions, to varying degrees of lukewarm reception and success. Their story? It is a convenient way to create content, combining functionality and portability in one device. Meaning, anyone who owns a tablet can write documents and other similar content even when they are on the go.Apple came out with iPad, and they backed it up with a story which is similar to that of the previous tablet, but with a distinct modification.Apple’s story is that the iPad also enables content creation even when you’re on the move. But there is a twist to their story and it is the unique selling proposition of Apple for this product: it is also for content consumption. Users may also download apps, music, media and other content directly on the tablet and store them for future consumption.Clearly, this story resonated with more people, and it has further cemented Apple’s status as a pioneer in tablets and similar devices. At present, it has already produced several versions of the iPad, adding upgrades along the way, with each upgrade adding a layer to the story that they relay to the market.In this example, it is clear that the customers did not focus on the product itself or even the technology. The customers are already familiar with the tablet, and they are also aware of the capabilities of a tablet, thanks to that technology. What convinced them to buy, however, was how the story was told. It was a time when people are looking for better and more convenient alternative to consuming content, aside from just using their laptops or desktops. And then Apple introduced this solution and the rest, as they say, is history.Please have a look at Steve Jobs introduction of the iPad and listen to how he frames the story that got the iPad started. THE DEBEERS’ STORYThere are a lot of stories around, but there is no denying that some of the more enduring ones are those that talk of love and devotion.DeBeers is one of the most recognizable names in the diamond industry, engaged in diamond exploration and mining to diamond trading and retail. At first, the diamond was nothing more than a “rock that shines”.And then it happened in 1916 when it came up with what has been declared as the best advertising slogan of the 20th century: “A Diamond is forever”.In this marketing strategy, DeBeers weaved a story that portrayed its diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment. Soon enough, women the world over would expect nothing less than a DeBeers diamond ring from their partners.Diamonds are being sold by other companies, but it was DeBeers that created that plot twist that convinced the market to buy diamonds, even at a huge premium.The two examples discussed above clearly demonstrate that Sales is not really about the product or service that you are selling, but the story that you are telling about that product.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay - 812 Words

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was one of Americas famous poets, fiction short-story writers, and literary critics. He is known as the first master of short story form especially in tales of horror, and mystery. The work he produced was considered to be some of the most influential literary criticism of his time. His poems made him one of the most famous figures in American literary history. His influence on literature is seen in all literature books in schools everywhere. Some of his famous writings is that of Annabel Lee; his detective story, The Murders in Rue Morgue; The Pit and the Pendulum and The Tell-Tale Heart are the best among his horror stories; and The Raven one of his best poems which among all these, made him†¦show more content†¦His relationship with Allan was declined and he moved from his foster father and enlisted in the army. Also in 1827, he went to Boston where he wrote his fist book Tamerlane and other poems that he sold for $.12 a copy but it didnt sell. He served a two year term while waiting for an appointment to the US Military Academy. While temporarily reconciled, Allan secured him an appointment to the academy. In 1830 Poe entered the US Military Academy at West Point, NY, where he excelled in languages but was expelled in 1831 and now his foster father disowned him permanently. Later on sometime after 1831 he moved to Baltimore where he lived with his aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter- his cousin, Virginia Clemm. March 27, 1834 John Allan dies leaving Poe with nothing. In May of 1836 he married Virginia, his 13-year old cousin. For 10 years Poe worked as an editor for various periodicals and contributor to magazines in several cites on the pay of $10 a week, so he was unable to support his family, his aunt, Virginia, and himself. Lots of time they went without eating. But it was in one of those that his story The Fall of the House of Usher first appeared in 1839. He unsuccessfully tried to found and edit his own magazine which would h ave granted him financial security and artistic control in what he considered a hostile literary marketplace. The last years of Poes lifeShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe721 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allen Poe, born is 1809, was an American short story writer, poet, and critic. He is commonly know as the father of detective stories. His most well know work of art is his poem The Raven (Werlock). Although Poe had a short lived career, his literature continues to influence many writers in the United States and Europe. He worked with many genres such as: gothic tale, science fiction, occult fantasies, and satire. While many critics consider his works of literature as grotesqueRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe792 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor, Edgar Allan Poe, on Sunday October 7, 1849. In Massachusetts on the 19th day of January in the year 1809, Edgar Poe was born to actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Junior, making him an older brother to Rosalie Poe, and a younger one to William Henry Leonard Poe. Poe may, perchance, have been named after a character in the play that his parents were performing that year. He was never formally adopted, however, Edgar Poe was r enamed Edgar Allan Poe when the John Allan familyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbe discussing about my poet Edgar Allan Poe. Poe had written numerous of poems and stories but the one I chose was â€Å"Annabel Lee†. This poem was written in 1849 which was a long time ago. Even though this poem is centuries old, it is still a well known poem. This whole project includes a biography, literary movement, and a explication about the poem. The biography includes where Poe grew up and how his lifestyle were. Through research and sources, I found out that Poe lived a hard life. He was inRead MoreThe Rise Of Poe By Edgar Allan Poe1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of Poe The words people use and how they use them holds so much power within themselves. It seems that, people are always searching for the right words to express their true emotions towards a certain subject. Artists and authors manage to make a living off of knowing how to use the right words to reach through to their platform. Though within his time, Edgar Allan Poe did not have an established platform and was seen as estranged; he still dabbled as an author and has made many famous shortRead More Edgar Allan Poe Essay515 Words   |  3 Pages Edgar Allan Poe nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edgar Allan Poe, the first master of the short story, had written many short stories from mysteries to morbidity. Edgar was born on January 19,1809 in Boston, Massachussettes. Edgars Parents, David and Eliza, were both in the acting business. Poe also had a sister, who is rarely spoken of. When Edgar was young his father fleed from the family, leaving Edgar, his mother, and sister alone. At the age of two Edgars mother died of tuberculosis. Edgar wasRead MoreDeath By Edgar Allan Poe975 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the topic, and the fear of not knowing this leads it to be a taboo subject in many discussions. Edgar Allan Poe defied this sense of taboo and wrote many works centering on the topic of death. It is Edgar Allan Poe’s discussion of death in his works that reveals the innate human perversion of the discussion of death. The reason for his discussion of death may find roots in his personal life. Poe was born into a traveling family in 1809 and had two other siblings. His parents tragically lost theirRead MoreThe Biography Of Edgar Allan Poe841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Biography of Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Lord, help my poor soul†, the last and final words of the amazing writer, Edgar Allan Poe, before his sudden death in 1849. Edgar Allan Poe wrote dark and treacherous stories and poems that often lead to the questioning of his mental state. Poe lived a rather difficult life in which writing was his escape. He at one time was in so much debt that he could have never payed it back even if his career took off. No one ever knew what had happened to Poe, only that heRead More Edgar Allan Poe Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allen Poe’s contributions to American literature have become increasingly more prominent as the years have passed. As short fiction has become a more accepted genre in literary circles, Poe’s theories are studied with more passion. Although he lived a rather melancholy life, Poe did experience moments of joy, and desired to capture the beauty through poetic form. Indeed, what he left behind for the literary world was his gifted genus, revealed throughRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a bizarre and often scary writer. People throughout history have often wondered why his writings were so fantastically different and unusual. They were not the result of a diseased mind, as some think. Rather they came from a tense and miserable life. Edgar Allan Poe was not a happy man. He was a victim of fate from the moment he was born to his death only forty years later. He died alone and unappreciated. It is quite obvious that his life affected hisRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe849 Words   |  4 PagesThe death of a loved one leaves a void in a person. The narrator of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe experiences this void after the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator is isolated from the world until a raven appears before him. The events and dialogue that follow are what makes The Raven such a legendary piece of literature. The gothic poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is an example of repetition and shift. With the help of repetition and shift, Poe’s use of diction gives the reader clarity to the

Mild Cognitive Impairment And Women Essay - 1095 Words

Name: Abhiyanta Shrestha Enrollment Number: M2016MH025 Mild Cognitive Impairment and Women in Old Age Home in Urban Mumbai: Prevalence and Patterns PART I - RESEARCH PROPOSAL a. The problem identification Older women are of special interest for me because of the fact that their numbers have outgrown rapidly in the global arena. The older population is predominantly female because women tend to live longer than men, older women outnumber older men almost everywhere. In 2013, globally, there were 85 men per 100 women in the age group 60 years or over and 61 men per 100 women in the age group 80 years or over (UN, 2013). On the other hand, one of the research indicated that the most frequent psychiatric disorders among older women were phobias, severe cognitive impairment, dysthymia, and major depressive episode without grief. Nevertheless, the rates of all these disorders, except for cognitive impairment, are lower for older than younger women. The focus of this thesis will be on one of the frequent psychiatric disorder among older women i.e. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which is an intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more-serious decline of dementia. It can involve problems with memory, language, thinking and judgment that are greater than normal age-related changes during old age. The condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. 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(2016) developed a trial using a mice model of Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers hypothesized that PUFA supplementation, including omega-3, would have a protective effect on the cognitive deficits in the mice.4 For nine months, eight groups ofRead MoreMillions are Affected by Insomnia1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdaytime impairments related to insomnia while 6-10% of them actually meet the criteria for insomnia disorder (2013, p. 364-365). The occurrence of insomnia is more prevalent in women, older adults, shift workers, those of lower socioeconomic status, and â€Å"those with poor physical and mental† (Morin, 2010). It can result from several causes, some of which include life stressors such as divorce and job loss, other psychological or medical disorders, environmental changes, and age. Cognitive-behavioralRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury And Post Concussive Syndrome964 Words   |  4 Pagesother widen. 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Degenerative changes to the basal ga nglia affect the nerve cells in the substantia niagra that produce dopamine. This results in a decrease in the production of dopamine that is getting to the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved with regulating movement making early signs of PD primarily motor impairments and progression of this disease can rangeRead MoreThe Study Of Osteoporotic Fractures1320 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity-dwelling women aged 65 years and older in 1986-1988 (SOF visit 1). In brief, 9,704 predominantly Caucasian older women were recruited from population-based listings in 4 locations in the United States as follows: Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Monongahela Valley (near Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania; and Portland, Oregon. Starting with the initial visit (visit 1), participants attended clinic visits approximately every 2 years. An additional 662 African-American older women were recruitedRead MoreThe Earliest Depictions Of A Person With Down Syndrome1037 Words   |  5 Pages to Down syndrome was discovered recently in 1959 as being the common cause of cognitive impairments. All individuals who contain down syndrome show symptoms of mild to moderate learning disability, distinctive facial features, and hypotonic in early infancy. Down syndrome often associates with heart defects, leukaemia and early Alzheimer’s disease, the degree of being affected by these characteristics can differ from mild to serve. Down syndrome can occur between 1 in 1500 and 1 400 babies born inRead MoreAgeing - Physical and Psychological Changes. Pathological Ageing1665 Words   |  7 Pagesis related to normal ageing includes mild shortness of breath which does not affect normal daily activities (Lowdon McMurdo, 2004). In order to counter act this one must maintain regular and also suitable exercise. 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Problems on Fraternity Membership Free Essays

string(205) " not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, â€Å"Psychological Needs of Adolescents,† it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection\." The Problem and Its Background Introduction Fraternity nowadays is very popular in Universities, Colleges, and Communities. Some of them have their own experience in a Fraternity. In a Certain University here in Philippines there are some Known Fraternity such as Tau Gamma Phi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Kappa Rho etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems on Fraternity Membership or any similar topic only for you Order Now ut this Fraternities are much known by the Students than the Administrators of the Schools. There are different types of discrimination. Black people in America experienced it as well as Asians, Cubans, Mexicans and other non-American living there. It is commonly called racial discrimination. People with physical deformities suffer the so-called physical discrimination. People who belong to the third sex are also victims of such cruelty. Now, new sets of victims have risen. They are the students who member of fraternities and sororities. Discrimination of fraternities and sororities arise because other people think that these fraternities and sororities only cause troubles, which the members do not agree with. Those students who join the fraternities or sororities are not merely looking for trouble but there are deeper reasons, like to have a group they can call their own, to experience good camaraderie, brotherhood and sisterhood and to have lots of friends. These are a fact that others do not see, that is why they jump into conclusion that fraternities and sororities cause trouble so they deserve to be discriminated. We all know that discrimination has many effects on the life of an individual. This study the researcher is out for the truth. This researchers carries the purpose of finding out the effects of fraternity and sorority discrimination. Statement of the problem This study will seek answers to the following questions. 1. Why do college students who are involved in fraternity or sorority discriminated in school? 2. What are the main reasons why they joined fraternity or sorority? 3. What are the advantages in joining fraternity or sorority? 4. What are the disadvantages in joining fraternity or sorority? Objectives of the study General Objective: The main objective of the study to determine the problems encountered by the membership in fraternities. Specifically, this study aims: 1. To find out why to join Fraternity 2. To be aware about the Problems such Organizations undergo 3. To identify the nature of brotherhood and sisterhood as Fraternities and sororities 4. To have a knowledge about the Basic 5. To know the advantages and disadvantages of Fraternity Significance of the study This study signifies that.. ~ Expose the discrimination experienced by the students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in school. Correct the misconception people have regarding these fraternities or sororities. ~ Inform students about the positive and negative effects of joining the fraternity or sorority. ~ Give an overview why students want to join fraternity or sorority. Assumptions These are the reasons why students joined a fraternity and sorority, and there are fraternities and sorority members who are respon sible and can perform well in school. There are fraternities and sororities who can help students develop their self-esteem and self-confidence. And there are fraternity and sorority who can give protection and support to its members. There are preventive measures that can be done when someone wants to join a fraternity or sorority. There are fraternity or sorority who conducts physical initiations rites. And there are possibilities that when a students joined a fraternity or sorority, his social life and attitude will change. Scope and delimitations This study will deal only problem faced by being a fraternity member on the life of a student in selected college/university. This will be done through interviewing 20 members and non-members of different fraternities or sororities in four different colleges/universities namely, St James College Of Q. C, University of Santo Tomas, Our Lady of Fatima University, and Centro Escolar University. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will discuss on the information that have significant bearing on the process and discussion of research.. According to the â€Å"Webster Dictionary Encyclopedia Edition. †, fraternity is an organization for social or other purposes of student in colleges who usually have the Greek letter names and secret rites, and represented by chapters in many Institutions. Fraternities were established with an avowed purpose of offering friendship, leadership, nspiration, guidance and services to the students and other people As well. College fraternities. Are far more ahead from their contemporary high school Fraternities, in some colleges, forming an organization or fraternity is legal, because of the fact that the members, whether students or alumni, the advantages of fraternal organizations are not only astounding but self evident. They believe that it helps maintain the high-quality attitude of the campus and strengthen the function of higher education in social mobility. But not all fraternities have the same outcome in other campus. According to the article of Alfred McClung, to non members, their disadvantages are overwhelming, and their presence on the campus is regarded as hurtful and hostile to the objective of higher education, they believe that fraternity members are war freaks, cause nothing but trouble in the school that they are in, in that same article, the point of school authorities, fraternities have served no good, they have been continual source of problems for disciplinary officers and administrations of the campus, Forming a fraternity is therefore prohibited. According to William S. Carlson, the liabilities of fraternities in student’s life are ery different in kind and severity from one campus to another, the most negative criticisms are directed toward those on the large, heterogeneous campuses, where there are the highest contrast in economic origin, social consciousness, social skills and competence. The lack of security in social relations is therefore the greatest concern to the st udent, parents and school administrators, however, banning fraternities as many schools now ban them has really forced this fraternities to go underground but there are still some fraternities, which are recognized by the school authorities and students but not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, â€Å"Psychological Needs of Adolescents,† it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection. You read "Problems on Fraternity Membership" in category "Papers" Fraternity members voluntary joined hands in recognizing that true brotherhood emanates from love and respect for their fellowmen. According to Joseph Rhulman in his book â€Å"Personnel Principles in Chapter House† the reason behind why college students enter organizations such as fraternity, because of curiosity and peer pressure, in the youth sub-culture of almost all generations he peer group is more powerful influence than admonitions of parents and school authorities. There are ample data to show the ultimate erect of the college discrimination especially in regard to the earning trust of the students. In a typical university, the fraternity feels that it must make its entrance in style, being sure that it can compete with the long established group already present that is why they develop their own principles in recruiting new members. Nowadays, many college students are aware with the mindless and useless death due to hazing. This barbaric practice which defies all norms of civilized conduct has ecome institutionalized establishments of higher learning is beyond understanding. Some fraternity members say that it is intended to instill discipline among unruly freshman and newly recruits, but the countless deaths and injuries it has caused seemed to militate against this cruel practice. That is why, most non members get intimidate by the way the members act. For instance, the fraternity riots that are breaking out. These non members are in fear that their lives might be in jeopardy. They suggest that the best way to do to have a clean –image-fraternity is to completely abolish hazing. In the article â€Å"Tougher Laws Alone Won’t Stop Hazing and Abuses,† says that there is no justification for mindless violence and risk to life. However, the better remedy is to meet the needs of college students by means of more professionally oriented organizations. To give young men in our colleges and universities enough challenges and interesting tasks as well as stimulating academic activities to keep their minds focused on these priorities rather than their socializations needs alone, Another way is to say that the socialization needs will be met by the overall challenge of school activities and the xpectations given to young people to develop themselves without need for fraternities. Loss of life is certainly a better option to prevent these students from joining these Fraternities. Chapter III Methodology The survey type of a detailed analysis of a group, was used in this study since this study concerns about the present conditions regarding students who are involved in a fraternity or sorority the analysis of this condition will lead to the understanding and possible solutions to the problems undertaken by the researchers Methods Used In order to obtain the data which are important in the course of study, a case study s an appropriate method used. Case study is a detailed analysis of a person or group Profile of the respondents There are 20 college students, ages 17-27 years of age, all Males, all singles serve as the Respondents and all of which were members of such Organizations or fraternities, among these respondents, 4 of which agreed to give such information about themselves which will be crucial in this research, Goy (not real name) a 18 year old college student from St James College of Quezon City, single and have been a member of a unsaid fraternity for two years now, â€Å"Nuno† (not real name) a 27 ear old alumni of Fatima College, single and have been a member of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity for nine years and still active and helping the growth of his fraternity, another one is â€Å"olsen† (not real name) a 19 year old student from University of Santo Tomas, single and also a member of Tau Gamma Phi for 3 years now, and last is â€Å"Bok† also a 19 years old student of Centro Escolar University, single and have been a member of his fraternity for 3 years now. Data gathering Pr ocedure Library- based research. The researchers obtain some information from the library and v visit some websites. Primary source of information such as books, articles and other publication are gathered. Secondary source of data were taken so that these materials will also provide information. Observation. The researchers have observed the respondents and studied the demographic profile of the subjects. Studying the location of the subjects will help fully understand the condition of the respondents since they came from various learning institutions. Interview. The researchers conduct queries in order to gather data. A structured questions are prepared . Survey. A questionnaire containing four (4) questions with multiple options re used . These questionnaires were administered to facilitate the validity of the data gathered. Instrumentation The researchers use questionnaire which has four questions with multiple options given to gather data for the study. Those questions are related to the problem statement. Sampling Techniques and Procedure Driven by the researchers need to gather information, the researchers choose lottery method in choosing the respondents for this research, In that case, the researchers will be able to better gather information without being biased in some information which he researchers consider important in this research, and also gather information without compromising the integrity of the data being shown. Q U E S T I O N N A I R E Dear Respondents, We, the students enrolled in Society and Culture of FEU-Fern College are working on the research entitled, â€Å"Problems Facing Fraternity Membership†. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the said subject. Rest assured that whatever information will be gathered will be used for research purposes only and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, The Researchers ——————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Name: ( optional)_______________________ Age:____________ Gender:_________ Course:__________School:__________ Direction. Please read carefully each question. Each question has multiple options, you may have multiple answers. Kindly answer the questions honestly and completely. 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? ?Alpha Phi Omega ?Tau Gamma Phi ?Beta Sigma ?Upsilon ?Alpha Kappa Rho ?Scout Royal Brotherhood ?FROKS ?Delta Sigma Phi ?Sigma Beta Phi ?Alpha Phi Beta ?Beta Lambda ?None . Is it authorized in your school? Yes ?No What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity? ?Political Machinery ?Security and protection ?Socialization ?To be popular ?To have a feeling of belonging ?Invited by Friends ?Help others ?Curiosity ?Peer Pressure ?For improvement ?Others ?No Organization What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity or Sorority? ?To be popular ?Have lots of friends ?Can do well in school ?Can get support during elections ?Practice my right to say yes or no ?Connection when you graduate ?Full of riots ?Death Chapter IV Analysis of Data 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? Tau Gamma Phi ( 25% ) Alpha Kappa Rho ( 20% ) Scout Royal Brotherhood ( 15% ) Delta Sigma Phi ( 15%) Alpha Phi Omega ( 10% ) Beta Sigma ( 5% ) None ( 10% ) Total: 100% 2 Is it authorized in your school? Yes ( 0%) No ( 100% ) Total: 100% 3. What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity Socialization (20%) Security and Protection (15%) Invited by friends (13%) Curiosity (12%) No organization (11%) Peer Pressure (9%) Help others (9%) To be Popular (8%) Others (3%) Total 100% 4. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity? Connection when you graduate (20%) Have lots of friends (18%) Can do well in school (15%) To be popular (12. 5%) Full of riots (12. 5%) Death (12. 5%) Practice my right to say yes or no (9. 5%) Total 100% Chapter V Summary of Results and Findings. Most of the fraternity members do not feel the problems physically, emotionally and socially. Most of those fraternities are unauthorized in schools, they join fraternities to have a better social life, security and protection and gain more friends, all of them answered that fraternity members do not deserve this problems. Most of the respondents have the same reason that there is nothing wrong with being a raternity or sorority member. Recommendations This research is highly recommended to all students especially in college levels who are already aware of such existing organizations; the proponents’ put stress into this research to show the students what are the problems encountered by the members of fraternities. Conclusion The group concluded that Problems facing f raternity is inevitable. According to the data gathered and answered questionnaires it shows that students join fraternities primarily because of security However some students have their own reason why they do not join such organization. Bibliography â€Å"Fraternity,† Webster Comprehensive Dictionary Editions, vol. I p 502 Alfred McClung, â€Å"Fraternities Without Brotherhood,† (Boston Beacon Press, 1995)p. 445 Ibid (as no. 2) William S. Carlson, â€Å"Fraternities: Evil Force on the campus,† Saturday Review (September 10, 1985)pp. 59-61 Psychological needs of the adolescents,† The Philippine journal (dec. 18, 1996) p. 10 Joseph Rhulman, â€Å"personnel Principles in chapter house† (Washington American Hill Brother Company, Inc. 1988)pp 24-26 McClung, loc. Cit Carlson, loc. cit ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] How to cite Problems on Fraternity Membership, Papers

The Effects of the Union on the United States Postal Service free essay sample

The United States Postal Service is one of the nations most thriving companies. It has over 600,000+ employees and is the second largest civilian employer in the United States. (DeHaven, 2010). While it is one of the countries most thriving businesses it is not void of faults. To prevent the employees from being mistreated, most post office branches create unions. The unions not only protect those who take advantage of the membership but the other employees of the United States Postal Service (USPS) as well. This paper maps out the many benefits to being in the American Postal Worker Union (APWU) as well as the steps to take in order to unionize. It also covers how a union bargains as well as the effect union bargaining has on the organization. The effects of the union on the United States Postal Service My mother has worked for the (USPS) for over 35 years and after retiring in October of 2009 she left the post office as the president of the American Postal Worker Union (APWU) Local 171 Portsmouth, VA. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of the Union on the United States Postal Service or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the 10 years she was president I have seen her go to court week after week to help every member in her union. She has stood in front of the Post Master General and argued many of cases. Seeing things like that happen made me understand that being unionized is not a way to keep people employed, it is the leading way to maintain peoples rights in the work place and give them a piece of mind. Being in the APWU is very beneficial to those postal employees that have taken advantage of the opportunity. The some APWU’s contract not only state that those in the union cannot be fired if they do not break the contract or commit any federal infractions, it also has many benefits. Some of them include: Health Insurance, full Life Insurance paid by the USPS, the Postal Employee Relief Fund, regular pay increases, cost of living adjustments, Sunday premium and night differential pay, APWU MasterCard, Union Plus discounts and mortgage program, college and vocational scholarship programs and many more. With these benefits the unionized employees all profit from their hard work and the ongoing hard work of the union officers. The USPS is a federal entity and to ensure that the employees receive respect and fairness on the job partnered with a stronger voice and 100% control most postal stations forge unions. It is very important to understand the process of how to organize a union in order to have employees’ opinions heard and respected. The steps to follow in the unionizing process do not usually waiver and are very essential to the success of the union. These steps are as follows: know your legal rights, gather information, build your own union, make your union official and win a strong union contract. For this example I will use the APWU as the forming union. Before getting started postal employees would learn about their legal rights to form a union. The National Labor Relations Act gives workers the right to do things such as attend meetings during non-work time to discuss joining a union, read and distribute union literature as long as it is done in non-work areas during non-work times such as breaks, lunch hours or before or after work, and sign a card or petition to show support for a union. Once employees have made it known that they are interested in forming a union they would then start to gather information about where they work. They will need to ask questions about the issues facing their co-workers as well as any common themes. Once the information is gathered the employees would then need to create a representative group of co-workers known as an â€Å"Organizing Committee†. Once that has been agreed upon they would then need to make their union â€Å"official†, by signing authorization cards or a petition. After those steps have been completed the forming union would now need to win a strong contract to ensure that a union that wont stop after wining recognition. At the point that the certain branch of the USPS’s union is certified the employer, the federal government, would then be legally required to negotiate with the union, in good faith, a legally binding contract covering all of the aspects of employment. (Office Professional Employees International Union, 2011) Like anything, with time comes changes and at some point employees might feel as if the contract they have should be amended and at that point the negotiation process starts. The APWU would, at this point, begin the negotiation process. To start the union would create a Contract Action Committee (CAC) filled with active members. The CAC would then gather key information about things the members want to amend and plan a contract campaign. This campaign should be created with the intent to apply pressure to the employer. Once the campaign has started a bargaining team should be formed and trained. This team will work close with the CAC and negotiate the contract with the employer. The team will gather information from the union members and begin to lay negotiation round rules to schedule out the location and time of negations. They will also arrange leave for the union negotiators. After the guidelines have been set the next step in the negotiation process is to form a strategy. In this process, the bargaining team should describe the planned proposal, explain how it works, describe the problem that is being addressed, give logical reasons why it benefits both sides as well as logical reasons why it is fair. At this point the USPS would present their proposal while giving all information and documents necessary so that the APWU can evaluate it. Once the initial proposals are given counter proposals will form until a final tentative agreement has been decided upon. Everything is then proofread and the two parties agree on the ratification date and the date for final signatures. AT this point the bargaining team will then present the amendments o the union members, who have the option to agree or disagree. If the USPS and the APWU cannot come to an agreement they would then be at impasse. The have the right to strike the proposal all together or return to negotiations. (The National Labor College, 2006) Once a union is formed most people see the benefits to the employees from the very beginning. The question, for some, then becomes â€Å"What effect does union bargaining have on the organization? †. I feel as though the biggest effect union bargaining would have on an organization would be the stress put on the spending decisions. For example: the USPS is allowed to borrow funds from the US Treasury, and are subject to a limitation of around $3 billion per year and a total debt limit of $15 billion. The USPS also does not receive any taxpayer money. (Murray, 2012) With that being said, during the negation process the spending decisions can be strongly affected by the issues brought forth in the negotiation. The USPS could suffer significant financial hardships if the APWU decided to keep an issue on the table for an extended period of time. Ultimately, unionizing is the best way to ensure that the employees receive respect and fairness on the job partnered with a stronger voice and 100% control. It will remain the leading way to maintain peoples rights in the work place and give them a piece of mind. Having a union can not only help guarantee job security for the employees but also ensure employers that they jobs put before the employees will be done to the best of their ability, if not beyond.

Implications of using cosmopolitanism as an Imperial Strategy

Introduction Cosmopolitanism is the philosophy of having people of different ethnic decent and cultures living together as one community without the intercultural divide. In cosmopolitanism, it does not matter what your race or ethnicity is, people live and interact as a distinct society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of using cosmopolitanism as an Imperial Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to gain the imperial power, many governments in the past used the cosmopolitan idea as a way of gaining imperial control. The strong empires used the idea of imperialism and not colonialism to gain control over the weak empires through impacting their ideologies, culture, policies and power on the weak states from a far without settling there. Cosmopolitan as an imperial strategy puts emphasis on nations to maintain strong relationships in the aspects of morality, politics and economics and the citizens to live as one society despite their ethnicity or culture and gives privilege to world over nation, away over home and others over self. This essay discusses the implications of using cosmopolitan as an imperial strategy drawing specific examples from the Roman Empire and comparing it with the modern society examples. The idea of cosmopolitan began with the Athens in the 5th century BC when people started moving away from their ancestral and therefore creation of cosmopolitan cities. People would cross rivers, seas and oceans to new places, as Ash put it in her lecture â€Å"†¦bodies of land once separated by water†¦ open to invasion†. As people migrated from and to Roman and Greek, the empires were torn between the nationalism and cosmopolitan ideology. The Roman Empire was large indeed; it stretched across Mediterranean and Europe. As the Romans moved across the lands, they took their cultures that they practiced back at home to the away land as described by Rushdie in The Ground Beneath her Feet ‘†¦among the great struggles of man†¦ is†¦ conflict between fantasy of home and the fantasy of Away,†¦ roots†¦ and †¦ journey† (Rushdie, 2000). The population was growing and the migrants were many. Rome then stopped recognizing the residents of the Rome city as the citizens of the world and not Romans. This is the idea Martha Nussbaum was expressing in her article, Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism when she wroteAdvertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Cosmopolitan among the Greeks saw people as citizens of the world as opposed to citizens of the city or nation† (Nussbaum, 1994). The Romans used the idea of imposing their cultures and values on others as a way of conquering more territories. They would make the people of other decent to feel like part of Romans. They knew that territories gained thro ugh consent rather than conquest was stronger. In those ancient days, the Roman culture became popular among other people of different ethnicity and the Romans used the culture and traditions fusion to absorb more territories. This was the same tactic the Italians used in the territorial and colonial era to gain more colonies. The Romans who traveled away from home spread the ‘good news’ about the splendor of the Rome city, something that drew more people to go and witness the diverse, vast and splendid city. The visitors were however given conditional welcome which was indirectly imperial (Edwards Woolf, 2003). The culture and traditions of the Romans spread across Europe and as more foreigners moved to Rome city and absorbed the culture of the Romans, the vast the territory grew. The Romans held rituals and festivals in the Rome city which drew many people. This gave the non – Romans the feeling of oneness as participation was open to all as long as the partic ipants’ performances were in the Roman culture. People felt like one community in such events and it gave the Roman city an identity. In the colonial period, the Nazi Germans used the same strategy of triumphal parades where they gave their colonies the permission to participate and therefore creating the oneness and a feeling of community. In Staging the World p. 7, Ostenberg writes ‘Rituals are seen as reflections and expressions of community; they comment on society and its relations with the outer world†¦ rituals involve spectators as active participants’ (Ostenberg, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of using cosmopolitanism as an Imperial Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further in page 14, he says that the onlookers were visitors, migrants and invited guests of high ruling classes who came to view and be viewed (Osternberg, 2009). The aspect of home in aw ay land was felt by the foreigners. The Romans also used cosmopolitism as an imperial strategy when they used their unique knowledge in building, architecture and construction in the away lands (Edwards Woolf, 2003). They would construct the unique structures that are only known to them in those lands. This made those people in those distant lands feel like Romans while inside those buildings. Rulers of other kingdoms would approach the Romans requesting to have Roman constructions which the Romans would gladly incline to but with conditions. This made the Romans gain more control. That away home feeling that the Romans gave the slaves and migrants who came to Rome city with the hope of getting asylum and starting a new life made these foreigners to stay in Rome. Many never went back to their lands and those who left Rome could not get used to the life away from Rome since they had developed the away identity. In the modern societies, people from third world developing countries ar e migrating to the developed countries with others seeking political asylum in those countries. The migrants move to these countries and establish a life there and they are unable to move back to their countries of origins. Countries like the United States and UK receive many migrants who come from Asia and Africa and these migrants do not return back instead, they develop the foreign culture of the country they move to. Conclusion The cosmopolitan ideology as an imperial strategy has been critically analyzed by many scholars like Hamblet in article, â€Å"The Goodness of Geography†, p. 355 where she describes the idea to â€Å"cohabit the homely space and positions of humankind† (Hamblet, 2003). Rome was not home after all to the slaves and foreigners since they were mistreated, overworked, enslaved, imprisoned, their women raped and overtaxed. References Edwards, C. Woolf, G. (2003). Rome the Cosmopolis. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressAdvertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hamblet, W. (2003). The Geography of Goodness: Proximity’s Dilemma and the Difficulties of Moral Response to the Distant Sufferer. In The Monist. Vol. 86, no.3, pp 355 – 366. Nussbaum, M. (1994). Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism. Boston: Beacon Press. Ostenberg, I. (2009). Staging the World: Soils, Captives, and Representations in the  Roman Triumphal Procession. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rushdie, S. (2000). The Ground beneath her Feet. New York: Macmillan Publishers. This essay on Implications of using cosmopolitanism as an Imperial Strategy was written and submitted by user Alexandra Hooper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Felix Murder Mystery Essays

Felix Murder Mystery Essays Felix Murder Mystery Paper Felix Murder Mystery Paper He recently bought a 2-bed I-bath each house in an expensive neighborhood and decided to invite 4 of his friends over to his house. Their names were Kinder Goode, Vera Cruise, Gene Poole, and Alfred Fettuccine. The 4 friends didnt like Felix very much, but since they were each equally placed in his will, they went. These 4 people are the suspects for this crime. Felids body had no external injuries. Felix dropped out of college and he never kept a Job for more than a month. Is an artist. White powder was found on her shoes and white odder was also found In the crime scene. She has pierced ears and an earring was found In the crime scene. There was also blue paint found In the crime scene (shes an artist so theres a connection). Kinder claims to have been taking a shower at 2:30 P. M. And came down at 3:00 P. M. When she heard Alfred call. GENE POOLE is an office manager. He has a blind dog named Sash whiffs faithful. There were dog prints in the crime scene, but he says that he would never let his dog in. : There were also sandal prints in the crime scene which looked like Genes. He claims that he fell asleep around 12 P. M. And woke when he heard Alfred call at 3:00. Is a chemist. She also has a pierced ear and there was white powder found on her tennis shoes. An M wrapper was found In the trash can In the trash can. She claims to have been In a walk around the mountains and came back at 3:00 when she heard Alfred call. Is a computer manager. He NAS a cut on Nils nana Ana a pen In his pocket. He plays the guitar (guitar pick found in crime scene). Alfred claims to eave been drinking coca-cola with Felix and went the bathroom around 2:45 P. M. He came out around 2:55 and found Felix lying on the floor dead. He called all of his friends first and then phoned the police at 3:00. I think Kinder and Vera worked together to kill Felix. I think this because Kinder is an artist and there was lots of paint found in the crime scene. I also suspect Vera because she is a chemist and its possible to have poisoned Felix since there was no real blood or external injuries on Felids body.

Ninteenth Century Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ninteenth Century Music - Essay Example Change, which is in most cases disliked by many, has to come and do its part in order to have a very meaningful life. The problem is, on how to go along these changes. Retaliation is just a part when new ideas are brought in the open to be deliberated, and it is only after the "trial" of such ideas can the real advantages be seen and appreciated. Music's global influence cannot be hidden since history for it had affected one's thinking and influenced life's perspective that made an impact in every society, community, and in every nation. Furthermore, in every office, organization, and in every government. In the occurrence of development, setbacks happen that becomes a key for future progressive developments. Though time and effort are crucial for the accomplishment, what matters is the influence of the legacy left that serves as springboard - for further progression or destruction. The debate raged through the 19th century as to the value of programme music versus absolute music, but the real question is not whether the music was inspired by some outside theme or event, or served as its own inspiration. Instead, it is whether the music moves the audience. A program could give an added value to both composer and listener, but a work cannot be a masterpiece based on that program. The musical merits of the piece alone can determine if it is destined for greatness or to be lost with the passage of time. Programme music is an instrumental music that attempts to convey a scene, feeling, or story to the listener. The "program" or theme of a piece can be simply indicated by its title, or it can be a complex story or poem provided in a separate text. In music theory, it is considered the opposite of "absolute music," that commands attention for itself alone without the support of secondary ideas or associations to give it other than musical meaning. Many different kinds of compositions can be "programmatic," including cantatas, operas, madrigals, overtures, and symphonies. As links were formed between music, painting and literature, composers started to compose programme music - music that tells a story. Issues involved in the debate over programme and absolute music in the 19th Century. Classic and Romantic are troublesome words used in literature and the fine arts and in general history that had great variety of meaning. "Classic" suggests something finished, perfect, exemplary, a standard against which later production may be measured. While the word "Romantic" is constantly used to mean so many different things that it is quite useless for describing a musical style until it has been especially defined for that purpose. Furthermore, the traditional antithesis Classic-Romantic causes confusion in music history because it is not a total antithesis. In a very general sense, all art may be said to be romantic; for though it may take its materials from actual life, it transforms them and thus creates a new world which is necessarily remote from the everyday world to a greater or lesser degree. From this point of view, romantic art differs from classic art by its greater emphasis on the qualities of remoteness and strangeness, with all that such emphasis may imply as to choice and treatment of materials. If remoteness and boundlessness are romantic, then music is the most romantic of the arts. Its material - ordered sound and rhythm

Project Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Summary - Essay Example Kahiki foods are one of the most respected players in the food industry. Over the years, the organization endured rough terrain in business to end up a multi-billion dollar food company. The organization attained massive milestone and increased in both efficiency and productivity. In addition, since 2007, Kahiki foods reduced financial constraints by realigning the cost of production and enhancing efficiency through reducing the time lags in the queuing system. However, while seeking to excel in the food industry, Kahiki foods has severe communication problems. First, the employees at Kahiki foods overwhelmingly complain of one way communication. This implies that there is no feedback from the management with regards to an array of issues. The impact of one way communication is detrimental on the performance of the employees and their general welfare. This is because; the employees feel neglected as management fails to disseminate appropriate information to the necessary quarters. Personal issues among the employees, as well as management, also hinder appropriate communication at the establishment. Professionalism is paramount at the work place as it assists the daily operations, as well as organization’s growth, to flow accordingly. However, when employees and management allow personal issues into the communication pattern, a problem will erupt. For instance, two people failing to communicate on eminent business matters based on pe rsonal disagreements tarnish the company’s development agenda (Downs, Adrian & Downs, 2004). This does not only slow down the growth rate of an organization but also damage the company’s interactions with outsiders. Language barrier is also prevalent in Kahiki foods emanating from the fact that the organization has a global appeal. Kahiki foods attain human resource from all corners of the world. This implies that people from different walks of life

Social Construction of Gender Essay

Social Construction of Gender Essay Heteronormativity is the cultural bias or the view that puts clear boundary between male and female, which emphasizes normal sexual and romantic relationship between two genders. As freshmen in college, I have a friend name Joe whom I did not expect him to be gay. At first, I thought it was impossible him to be gay. But as he began to have boyfriend, I began to see people around them and the society viewed him as abnormal and weird. For example, his parents told him to be straight in order to emphasize about being normal. There are social boundaries to people who are not straight and the society encourages people to be Heteronormative. Therefore, Heteronormativity is a fixed view about living and having normal thoughts about sexuality and gender role. Prompt 1: Gender Construction in our society Gender Identity can be defined by the way people act as a male and female, which males have different sets of mind about something that females do not. Even though man and woman have difference in physical part, People learn more about their gender identity through experiences since their childhoods to until they get old. There are many biological differences in both men and women, but it does not have impact on how gender shapes in peoples lives. If gender did not exist in our society, I am pretty sure there would be gender confusion where many females would be considered as male, and many males would be considered as females. There are many sociocultural factors that have influenced on gender role. Since the social construction of gender is mainly formed by the gender rule and stereotype in our society, gender identity is constructed by the representation of gender norms in mass media productions, parental expectations about gender identity, and the beliefs of different religious t raditions about gender. In todays society, Mass Media Production like movie, video games, and magazines influenced so many young males and females and also some older people. For example in the movie clips Miss Representation(2010) , clearly portrays how women should act around people and in society. In the movie Miss Representation, the women are shown as sexually explicit figure toward the audiences and also emphasize how women should look like in order to satisfy gender role. Because many women are shown in negative way for most of time, people actually think that women are exactly like in the movie or magazines, which is not true. This movie was trying to say that people are heavily influenced by media. All of people watch TV every single day, and many of them enjoy watching movie. By watching them, they unconsciously think about the actors or models and form their gender roles. In the reading Breaking the Model, the author said I wanted to be popular, like the typical girl o n TV. I wanted to be thin- to fit in. (Rodriguez, CP 54). Due to the fact that many of women want to look sexy, beautiful, and thin, they see the model as their dream and it motivates them to be like them, which could cause in eating disorder and depression. They desire to fit into certain group of the society in order to feel good and superior about themselves. On the other hand, the producers of media know what teens like and purposefully make media productions that appeal to them. Finally, the media gradually forms peoples thoughts about their genders by emphasizing that they should look like them. The social construction of gender is caused by the expectation of people and the way society view people. Since the childhood, everyone received certain expectations from their parents and relatives to be either grown up as normal masculine male and feminine female. In the reading from Night to His Day, it said that In social interaction throughout their lives, individuals learn what i s expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected way, and thus simultaneously construct and maintain the gender order. (Lorber, CP 14). Unlike media effect on gender identity, children learn their behaviors and form their minds by listening to their parents and other people. For example, some boys learn to be male by playing tough sports like football. Additionally, girls learn to be female by imitating the way their mothers dress and act. It would be weird for people to act in unexpected way and might result in isolation from the family and the society. In the reading Why Boys Dont Play With Dolls, it said that a girl with a doll and a boy with truck explain why men are from Mars and women are from Venus, why wives do housework and husbands just dont understand (Pollitt, CP 18). Since childhood, we modeled our parents and acted according to what they told us to do. There are gender rules which states that male has to act in certain way and female has to act in another w ay. Because gender stereotype and expectations existed and people kept acting in expected way for long period of time, people were able to form gender identity by modeling and following their ancestors. All of these would demonstrate how our social norms have big impact on gender expectations for people. Lastly, religious view toward gender would form the social construction of gender and could lead to discrimination about gender, especially toward female. As right now, there are few countries where sexism is still going on against women due to the cultural and religious view among people. In many countries, Women are treated differently than men in various ways. For example in the reading Night to His Day, the author wrote that In societies that create the greatest gender difference, such as Saudi Arabia, women are kept out of sight behind walls or veils, have no civil rights, and often create a cultural and emotional world of their own (Bernard 1981) ( Lorber CP, 15). Because Sau di Arabia had this belief for long time, the people just think this as religious belief that came from their parents or ancestors. In most of countries, women are seen as weak and emotional through religious belief that was viewed by the society, which lead to certain type of gender identity. Many of religious belief like Catholic and Muslim emphasized about transgender and homosexuality. According to religious belief of Catholic, it emphasizes people not to change their gender through surgical treatment and marrying a same gender. If they disobey the rule of religion, they would lose respect from other people and feel they are not worthy enough to believe in that religion by the fact they did not follow the gender rule in society. It is important to understand that people have high tendency to conform among groups, and it would result in following normal cultural and religious belief toward gender identity and role. Gender is mainly formed by our social construction and each indivi dual is impacted by people and objects they encounter every day in their lives. It is not possible to just form our gender based on body difference between men and women because it does not do anything to our mind and habits. As people grow up from childhood, they begin to actually see how it feels to be fit into the right gender identity group through media production they encounter, expectations from other people that caused from gender stereotype, and religious value of each country. Therefore, I strongly agree that the sociocultural experiences have huge impact on individuals gender identity through the gender rule and gender stereotype.

John Locke :: Empiricists, Empiricism

John Locke was the son of a country attorney and was born on August 29, 1632 . He grew up in and during the civil war, and later in 1652, entered the Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained as a student and teacher for many years. Locke taught and lectured in subjects such as Greek, rhetoric, and Moral philosophy. Lockedisagreed with many of the topics that were taught at the university. Locke, after reading books by Descartes, acquired a strong interest in contemporary philosophical and scientific questions and theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1666, Locke accidentally met with Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st of Shaftesbury, and from then on, this lifelong relationship and association helped to change the course of Locke’s career. Cooper made Locke his personal secretary and confidential advisor, and also let him hold a number of governmental posts while his patron was in office. In 1675, Locke became very ill and was forced to leave his employment and reside for four years in France, where he began his writing. After four years, Locke then returned again to England into Shaftesbury where he once again joined Cooper’s service. Four years later, Cooper was forced to flee to Holland, where Locke, shortly after, followed him. They remained there until the Glorious Revolution of 1688.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his return to England, Locke issued many or works, the chief of these being the Two Treaties of Government, and the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. These writings were immediately successful and they both exerted a vast influence. Between the both of these works, they made the dominant view of English thought through the greater part of the eighteenth century. Also on his return, the new king, William III, appointed Locke to the Board of Trade in 1696, a position from which he resigned because of ill health in 1700.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locke spent peaceful old age in the country household at Oates, of his friends Sir Francis and Lady Masham. He spent the last couple of years revising the Essay, replying to his critics, and writing a number of other works on economic,philosophical, and religious topics. Locke died in Oates on October 28, 1704.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690) was a well-known and respected document. In the paper, he attacked the theory of diving right of kings and the nature of the state as conceived by the English philosopher and political theorist Thomas Hobbes.

An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay

Analytical Psychology is the school of depth psychology based on the discoveries and concepts of Carl Gustav Jung. Jung gave the broadest and most comprehensive view of the human psyche yet available. His writings include a fully-developed theory of the structure and dynamics of the psyche in both its conscious and unconscious aspects, a detailed theory of personality types and, most important, a full description of the universal, primordial images deriving from the deepest layers of the unconscious psyche. These primordial images are called archetypes of the collective unconscious. The latter discovery has enabled Jung to describe striking parallels between the unconscious images produced by individuals in dream and vision and the universal motifs found in the religions and mythologies of all ages. The concept of the collective unconscious gives analytical psychology an added dimension in comparison with other schools of psychotherapy. It takes the theory and practice of psychotherapy out of the exclusive realm of psychopathology and relates it to the whole history of the evolution of the human psyche in all its cultural manifestations. See more: outline format for essay The practice of analytical psychology thus becomes not only a therapy for neurosis but also a technique for psychological development applicable to normal and superior individuals. An abstract, theoretical presentation is alien to Jung who always strove to engage the response of the whole man, not just the intellect. This presentation should thus be recognized as no more than a two-dimensional sketch of a three-dimensional reality. Libido: The psychic energy that directs and motivates the personality is called libido. Interest, attention and drive are all expressions of libido. The libido invested in a given item is indicated by how highly it is valued. Libido can be transformed or displaced but not destroyed. If the libido attached to one object disappears, it reappears elsewhere. Libido is the dynamism of the life process manifested in the psychic sphere. The theory of libido is closely connected with the law of opposites. The processes of the psyche depend on a tension and interplay between opposite poles. If one side of a pair of opposites becomes excessively predominant in the personality, it is likely to turn into its contrary. This is called enantiodromia. A one-sided conscious attitude constellates its opposite in the unconscious. See Jung’s essay â€Å"On Psychic Energy† (1). Psychological Types: Analytical psychology distinguishes several psychological types. These refer to innate differences in temperament which cause individuals to perceive and react to life in different fashions. There are two attitude types, the extravert and the introvert. The extravert is characterized by an innate tendency for the libido to flow outwards, connecting the individual with the external world. The extravert naturally and spontaneously gives greatest interest and value to the object – people, things, external accomplishments, etc. He or she will be most comfortable and successful when functioning in the external world and human relationships, and will be restless and ill at ease when alone without diversion. Having little relation to the inner world of subjectivity, the extravert will shun it and tend to depreciate subjective concerns as morbid or selfish. The introvert is characterized by a tendency for the libido to flow inwards connecting him or her with the subjective, inner world of thought, fantasies and feelings. Greatest interest and value is given to the subject – the inner reactions and images. The introvert will function most satisfactorily when free from pressure to adapt to external circumstances. He or she prefers their own company and is reserved or uncomfortable in large groups. Both introvert and extravert have the defects of their strengths and each tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert appears self-centered and withholding of himself. To the introvert, the extravert appears shallow, opportunistic and hypocritical. Every individual possesses both tendencies, but one is usually more developed than the other. As a pair of opposites they follow the law of opposites. Thus, an excessive, one-sided emphasis on one attitude is likely to lead to the emergence of its opposite. The opposite, however, because it is undeveloped and undifferentiated, will appear in a negative, crude and unadapted form. Thus the extreme extravert will become a victim of negative inferior introversion in the form of depressions. The extreme introvert is likely to have episodes of compulsive extraversion which are crude, ineffectual and unadapted to outer reality. In addition to attitude types, we also distinguish four function types. The four basic psychological functions are thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Thinking is the rational capacity to structure and synthesize discrete data by means of conceptual generalizations. Feeling is the function which determines value. It is the function that values and promotes human relationships. Sensation is that function which perceives and adapts to external reality via the senses. Intuition is defined as perception via the unconscious, that is, the perception of representations or conclusions whose origin is obscure. These four functions arrange themselves into two pairs of opposites: thinking – feeling and sensation – intuition. Although every individual has all four functions potentially at their disposal, in actuality one function is usually more fully developed than the others. This is called the superior function. The one least developed is the one that is most primitive and unconscious – the inferior function. Often a second function will have achieved considerable development which approaches that of the superior function. This is an auxiliary function. Since any one of the four functions may be superior, we have the possibility of four function types: the thinking type, feeling type, sensation type, and intuitive type. The thinking type is found more often in men than in women. The thinking type’s mental life is concerned largely with the creation of intellectual formulae and the fitting of all life experience into these forms. To the degree that the individual is identified with the thinking function and unconscious of the other functions, the thinking will tend to be autocratic and limit the full experience of life. Since feeling will be the inferior function, its values will suffer the most neglect. Human relationships will be quickly sacrificed if they interfere with the ruling formula. The feeling type is found more often in women than in men. The development and sustenance of personal relationships is the major aim. A sensitivity to human needs and a willingness to meet them is its outstanding characteristic. It finds its greatest satisfaction in rapport with others. In its extreme, this function type can be objectionable in its excessive emphasis on personal matters. Since thinking is the inferior function, its capacity for abstract, impersonal judgments will be neglected or denied. Thinking will be accepted only so long as it plays a subservient role to the interests of feeling values. The sensation type is characterized by the excellent adaptation to simple, matter-of-fact reality. He or she is content to relate to life on its most elementary terms without subtlety, reflection or imagination. The sensation type appears stable and earthy but may lack creative spark. Vision and imagination, which could mitigate this earthbound state, are products of intuition, which is the inferior function of this type. The sensation type, in fact, will often depreciate intuitive expressions as unrealistic fantasies and thus be deprived of badly needed leaven at times of mental heaviness. The intuitive type is motivated chiefly be a steady stream of new visions and possibilities, derived from active intuition. The new, the strange and the different are a constant lure. He or she often perceives obscure connections between things which seem separate and unrelated. The intuitive mind works in quick jumps, which is sometimes difficult for others to follow. When asked to proceed more slowly, he or she is apt to become impatient, perhaps considering listeners slow in making connections. This type’s weakness lies in its inferior sensation function. The relationship to reality may be poor. The hard work required to bring a possibility into actuality or to make an intuitive flash generally accepted seems too onerous. He or she may remain misunderstood with insights, which if they are to bear fruit, must be patiently developed by others. The function types are seldom as definite as would appear by these descriptions. Usually the development of an auxiliary function will soften and modify the sharp characteristics here described. In addition, we have a further complication. According to the attitude type, each of the function types may have either an introverted or an extraverted orientation. Ideally, all four functions should be available to the individual in order to have a complete response to life experience. It is one of the goals of Jungian psychotherapy to bring in to consciousness and to aid the development of the inferior undeveloped functions in order to approach psychic wholeness. Many conflicts in human relationships and disputes can be understood through the theory of psychological types. For instance, Jung has explained the difference between the psychological theories of Freud and Adler on this basis. Freud’s theory is concerned chiefly with the individual’s need for and love of the object. Thus it is an extraverted theory. Adler’s theory is based on the individual’s need to maintain his own self-esteem, prestige and power. Adler emphasizes the inner, subjective need; hence his is an introverted theory. Differences in type can underlie difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Marital conflicts are often related to differences in psychological type. Knowledge of one’s own type and of the fact that other equally valid types exist can often help to relativize one’s own personal reactions and can lead to more conscious and fruitful human relationships. (2) Structure of the Psyche: The psyche can be divided into conscious and unconscious aspects. The ego is the center of conscious and the starting point for all empirical psychology. It is the seat of individual identity, and all contents which are conscious, must be connected with it. The unconscious includes all psychic elements which are outside conscious awareness and therefore are not connected with the ego. Contents of the unconscious are first encountered as complexes. A complex is an emotionally charged unconscious psychic entity made up of a number of associated ideas and images clustered around a central core. On investigation, this core is found to be an archetypal image (see below). One recognizes that a complex has been struck by the emergence of an affect which upsets psychic balance and disturbs the customary function of the ego. The ego stands between the inner world and the outer world, and its task is to adapt to both. By its extraverted orientation, it relates itself to external reality. By introversion, it perceives and adapts to inner, subjective reality. The requirement for external adaptation leads to the construction of a psychic structure which mediates between the ego and the external world of society. This mediating structure is called the persona, the Latin word for the ancient actor’s mask. It is the partially calculated public face an individual assumes towards others. The persona is composed of various elements, some based on the individual’s personal propensities and others derived from the society’s expectations and the early training of parents and teachers. The persona is a mediating compromise between individuality and the expectations of others. It is the role one plays in society. It is also a protective covering that shields from public view what is personal, intimate and vulnerable. The characteristic symbol for the persona is the clothes we wear. Dreams involving missing or inappropriate clothes refer to a persona problem. Ideally a persona should be appropriate, well fitting and flexible. It is especially important that the individual realize that he is not identical with his persona. The persona sometimes lends one a prestige and authority belonging to the collective group which is not properly used for personal ends. To identify with the persona can cause inflation and alienation from reality. Other persona disorders include a lack of persona which leaves the individual sensitive and exposed to every social touch, and a too rigid, defensive persona which is a barrier to realistic adaptation. For further discussion of the persona, see (3). Just as the persona stands between the ego and the outer world, so another psychic entity stands between the ego and the inner world of unconscious. This entity is called the shadow. The shadow is a composite of personal characteristics and potentialities of which the individual is unaware. Usually the shadow, as indicated by the word, contains inferior characteristics and weaknesses which the ego’s self-esteem will not permit it to recognize. The shadow may be personified in dreams by such figures as criminals, drunkards and derelicts. Technically it must be of the same sex as the dreamer. As with all unconscious contents, the shadow is first experienced in projection. This means that an unconscious quality of one’s own is first recognized and reacted to when it is discovered in an outer object. So long as the shadow is projected, the individual can hate and condemn freely the weakness and evil seen in others while maintaining a sense of righteousness. Discovery of the shadow as a personal content may, if it is sudden, cause temporary confusion and depression. This will be most likely if the ego’s previous attitude has bee especially inflated. The shadow is the first layer of the unconscious to be encountered in psychological analysis. It is not always a negative content. In many cases unconscious positive potentialities of the personality reside in the shadow. In such cases we speak of a positive shadow. Furthermore, the evil and dangerous aspect of the shadow is often due more to its circumstances than to its essence. Just as animals which have become vicious by starvation and brutal treatment can be changed into loyal companions by loving care, so the shadow loses much of its negative aspect when given conscious acceptance and attention. The problem of the shadow and its projection applies to collective psychology as well. The persecution of the Jews by the Nazis is a terrifying example of the extent to which a collective shadow projection can go. The same psychological mechanism operates in discrimination against other minority groups. For more on the shadow, see (4). The first layer of the unconscious, the shadow, is also called by Jung the personal unconscious, as distinguished from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious or shadow contains personal contents belonging to the individual himself which can and properly should be made conscious and integrated into the conscious personality and ego. The collective unconscious, on the other hand, is composed of transpersonal, universal contents which cannot be assimilated by the ego. Between these two layers of the unconscious, the personal and the collective, is another entity with, so to speak, one foot on each side. This is the anima in a man and the animus in a woman. The anima is an autonomous psychic content in the male personality which can be described as an inner woman. She is the psychic representation of the contrasexual elements in man and is depicted in symbolic imagery by figures of women ranging from harlot and seductress to divine wisdom and spiritual guide. She is the personification of the feminine principle in man, the principle of Eros, pertaining to love and relatedness. The projection of the anima is responsible for the phenomenon of a man’s â€Å"falling in love. † Too much identification of the ego with the anima causes the man to outwardly manifest feminine qualities. Anima moods or states of anima possession can be recognized by their characteristic features of resentment and emotional withdrawal. Such a condition renders a man psychically paralyzed and impotent. It is most likely to occur in relation to a woman with whom he is emotionally and sexually involved. With full psychological development, the anima leads the man to the full meaning of human relationship and provides him an entrance to the deeper layers of the psyche, the collective unconscious. The animus is the corresponding representative of the masculine contrasexual elements in the psychology of women. It can be expressed in symbolic imagery by a multitude of male figures from frightening, aggressive men threatening rape to divining bringers of light. It is the personification of the masculine principle in women, the principle of Logos, which is the capacity for rationality and consciousness. A woman’s â€Å"falling in love† is likewise due to the projection of the animus. Subjective identification of the ego with the animus causes the woman to lose contact with her feminine nature and to take on more masculine qualities. The animus-possessed woman is more interested in power than in relatedness. As with the man’s anima, the animus is most often activated in relation to an emotionally significant man, especially a man with whom she is sexually involved. Indeed, the anima and animus have a marked affinity for each other. The slightest evidence of one is likely to evoke the other in the partner. With maturity and maximum development, the animus can become a valuable psychic entity enabling the woman to function with objective rationality and, similarly to the anima in a man, opens to her the collective unconscious. Further discussion of anima and animus is in (5) and (6). The collective unconscious, more recently termed objective psyche, is the deepest layer of the unconscious which is ordinarily inaccessible to conscious awareness. Its nature is universal, suprapersonal and non-individual. Its manifestations are experienced as something alien to the ego, numinous or divine. The contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes and their particular symbolic manifestations, archetypal images. The concept of the archetype has a close relation to the concept of instinct. An instinct is a pattern of behavior which is inborn and characteristic for a certain species. Instincts are discovered by observing the behavior patterns of individual organisms. The instincts are the unknown motivating dynamisms that determine an animal’s behavior on the biological level. An archetype is to the psyche what an instinct is to the body. The existence of archetypes is inferred by the same process as that by which we infer the existence of instincts. Just as instincts common to a species are postulated by observing the uniformities in biological behavior, so archetypes are inferred by observing the uniformities in psychic phenomena. Just as instincts are unknown motivating dynamisms of biological behavior, archetypes are unknown motivating dynamisms of the psyche. Archetypes are the psychic instincts of the human species. Although biological instincts and psychic archetypes have a very close connection, exactly what this connection is we do not know any more than we understand just how the mind and body are connected. Archetypes are perceived and experienced subjectively through certain universal, typical, recurring mythological motifs and images. These archetypal images, symbolically elaborated in various ways, are the basic contents of religions, mythologies, legends and fairy tales of all ages. Such images also emerge from the collective unconscious of individuals through dreams and visions in cases of deep psychological analysis, profound subjective experience or major mental disorder. The experience of encountering an archetypal image has a strong emotional impact which conveys a sense of divine or suprapersonal power transcending the individual ego. Such an experience often transforms the individual and radically alters their outlook on life. Archetypal images are so various and numerous that they defy comprehensive listing. For our purposes, we shall describe four broad categories of archetypal imagery. I. The Archetype of the Great Mother, the personification of the feminine principle, represents the fertile womb out of which all life comes and the darkness of the grave to which it returns. Its fundamental attributes are the capacity to nourish and to devour. It corresponds to mother nature in the primordial swamp – life being constantly spawned and constantly devoured. If the great mother nourishes us, she is good; if she threatens to devour us, she is bad. In psychological terms, the great mother corresponds to the unconscious which can nourish and support the ego or can swallow it up in psychosis or suicide. The positive, creative aspects of the great mother are represented by breast and womb. The negative, destructive aspects appear as the devouring mouth or the vagina dentata. In more abstract symbolism, anything hollow, concave or containing pertains to the great mother. Thus, bodies of water, the earth itself, caves, dwellings, vessels of all kinds are feminine. So also is the box, the coffin and the belly of the monster which swallows up its victims. See Neumann(7). II. The Archetype of the Spiritual Father. As the great mother pertains to nature, matter and earth, the great father archetype pertains to the ream of light and spirit. It is the personification of the masculine principle of consciousness symbolized by the upper solar region of heaven. From this region comes the wind, pneuma, nous, ruach, which has always been the symbol of spirit as opposed to matter. Sun and rain likewise represent the masculine principle as fertilizing forces which impregnate the receptive earth. Images of piercing and penetration such as phallus, knife, spear, arrow and ray all pertain to the spiritual father. Feathers, birds, airplanes and all that refers to flying or height are part of this complex of symbols which emphasizes the upper heavenly realms. In addition, all imagery involving light or illumination pertain to the masculine principle as opposed to the dark earthiness of the great mother. Illumination of the countenance, crowns, halos and dazzling brilliance of all kinds are aspects of masculine solar symbolism. The image of the wise old man as judge, priest, doctor or elder is a human personification of this same archetype. The positive aspect of the spiritual father principle conveys law, order, discipline, rationality, understanding and inspiration. Its negative aspect is that it may lead to alienation from concrete reality causing inflation, a state of spiritual hubris or presumption that generates grandiose thoughts of transcendence and results in the fate of Icarus or Phaeton. III. The Archetype of Transformation pertains to a psychic process of growth, change and transition. It can express itself in many different images with the same underlying core of meaning. Perilous journeys to unknown destinations, exploration of dark places, purposeful descent to the underworld or under the sea or into the belly of a monster to find a hidden treasure are expressions of this archetype. The theme of death and rebirth as well as the symbolism of initiation rites in all of their various forms; the crossing of rivers or waters or chasms and the climbing of mountains; the theme of redemption, salvation or recovery of what has been lost or degraded, wherever it appears in mythological or unconscious symbolism – all of these are expressions of the archetype of transformation. The theme of the birth of the hero or wonder-child also belongs to this archetype. This image expresses the emergence of a new, dynamic content in the personality presaging decisive change and enlargement of consciousness. (8) A rich and complex example of this archetype is provided by the symbolism of medieval alchemy. In alchemy, the psychic transformation process was projected into matter. The goal of the alchemists was to transmute base matter into gold or some other supremely valuable object. The imagery of alchemy derives from the collective unconscious and belongs properly to the psychological process of transformation. (9) IV. The Central Archetype, The Self, expresses psychic wholeness or totality. The Self is defined by Jung as both the center and circumference of the psyche. It incorporates within its paradoxical unity all the opposites embodied in the masculine and feminine archetypes. Since it is a borderline concept referring to an entity which transcends and encompasses the individual ego, we can only allude to it and not encompass it by a definition. As the central archetype is emerging, it often appears as a process of centering or as a process involving the union of opposites. Alchemical symbolism gives us numerous examples of the central archetype as a union of opposites. For example, the philosopher’s stone, one of the goals of the alchemical process, was depicted as resulting from the marriage of the red king and the white queen, or from the union of the sun and moon, or fire and water. The product of such a union is a paradoxical image often described as hermaphroditic. Other images which are used to express the union of opposites are the reconciliation of opposing partisan factions and  the reconciliation of good and evil, God and Satan. The emerging central archetype gives rise to images of the mandala. The term mandala is used to describe the representations of the Self, the archetype of totality. The typical mandala in its simplest form is a quadrated circle combining the elements of a circle with a center plus a square, a cross or some other expression of fourfoldness. Mandalas are found everywhere in all times and places. They seem to represent a basic unifying and integrating principle which lies at the very root of the psyche. Mandalas can be found in the cultural products of all races. A fully developed mandala usually emerges in an individual’s dreams only after a long process of psychological development. It is then experienced as a release from an otherwise irreconcilable conflict and may convey a numinous awareness of life as something ultimately harmonious and meaningful in spite of its apparent contradictions. (10,11) Psychological Development is the progressive emergence and differentiation of the ego or consciousness from the original state of unconsciousness. It is a process which, ideally, continues throughout the lifetime of the individual. In contradistinction to physical development, there is no time at which one can say that full psychic development has been achieved. Although we may distinguish various stages of development for descriptive purposes, actually one stage merges into another in a single fluid continuum. In the early phase, the ego has very little autonomy. It is largely in a state of identification with the objective psyche within and the external world without. It lives in the world of archetypes and makes no clear distinction between inner and outer objects. This primitive state of ego development is called, after L? vy-Bruhl, participation mystique, and is shared by both the primitive and the child. It is a state of magical participation and interpretation between the ego and its surroundings. What is ego and what is non-ego are not distinguished. Inner world and outer world are experienced as a single totality. This primitive state of participation mystique is also evident in the phenomena of mob psychology in  which individual consciousness and responsibility are temporarily eclipsed by identification with a collective dynamism. Jung made no effort to present a systematic theory of psychological development. However, some of his followers, especially Neumann(12), have attempted to fill in this gap. Following Neumann, the stages of psychological development can be described as follows. The first or original state is called the uroboric stage, derived from uroborus, the circular image of the tail-eating serpent. It refers to the original totality and self-containment which is prior to the birth of consciousness. The ego exists only as a latent potentiality in a state of primary identity with the Self or objective psyche. This state is presumed to pertain during the prenatal period and early infancy. The transition between this state and the second stage of development corresponds to the creation of the world for the individual psyche. Thus world creation myths refer to this first decisive event in psychic development – the birth of the ego out of the unconscious. The basic theme of all creation myths is separation. Out of undifferentiated wholeness one element is discriminated from another. It may be expressed as the creation of light – the separation of light from darkness, or as the separation of the world parents – the distinction between masculine and feminine, or the emergence of order out of chaos. In each case the meaning is the same, namely, the birth of consciousness, the capacity to discriminate between opposites. The second stage of psychological development is called the matriarchal phase. Although beginning consciousness has appeared, it is as yet only dim and fitful. The nascent ego is still largely passive and dependent on its uroboric matrix which now takes on the aspect of the great mother. Masculine and feminine elements are not yet clearly differentiated so that the great mother will still be undifferentiated as to sex. To this stage belongs the image of the phallic mother incorporating both masculine and feminine components. Here, the ruling psychic entity is the great mother. The predominant concern will be to seek her nourishment and support and to avoid her destructive, devouring aspect. The father archetype or masculine principle has not yet emerged into separate existence. Mother is still all. The ego has achieved only a precarious separation and is still dependent on the unconscious, which is personified as the great mother. The matriarchal phase is represented mythologically by the imagery of the ancient Near Eastern mother religions, for example, the Cybele-Attis myth. Attis, the son-lover of Cybele, was unfaithful to her. In a frenzy of regret, reflecting his dependent bondage, he was castrated and killed. The matriarchal phase corresponds to the Oedipal phase as described by Freud. However, analytical psychologists interpret incest symbolically rather than literally as was done by Freud. The matriarchal phase is the phase of original incest, symbolically speaking, prior to the emergence of the incest taboo. In the life of the individual, this phase corresponds roughly with the early years of childhood. The third stage is called the patriarchal phase. The transition is characterized by particular themes, images and actions. In an attempt to break free from the matriarchal phase, the feminine with all its attributes is rejected and depreciated. The theme of initiation rituals pertains to this period of transition. The father archetype or masculine principle emerges in full force and claims the allegiance of the individual. Tests, challenges, rules and discipline are set up in opposition to the sympathy and comfortable containment of the great mother. The incest taboo is erected prohibiting regression to the mother-bound state. Once the transition to the patriarchal stage has been accomplished, the archetype of the great father, the masculine spirit principle, determines the values and goals of life. Consciousness, individual responsibility, self-discipline and rationality will be the prevailing values. Everything pertaining to the feminine principle will be repressed, depreciated or subordinated to masculine ends. In childhood development, the patriarchal phase will be particularly evident in the years preceding puberty. The fourth phase is designated the integrative phase. The preceding patriarchal stage has left the individual one-sided and incomplete. The feminine principle, woman and therefore the anima and the unconscious have been repressed and neglected. Another change or transition is thus needed to redeem these neglected psychic eleme.